[
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-gayo",
    "start_month": 9,
    "end_month": 1,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://internationalipcooperation.eu/sites/default/files/arise-docs/2022/ARISEplusIPR_Oct2022_Hadiyan-Wijaya-MPIG-Kopi-Gayo_Sharing-Experience-GI-producers-GI-protection-enforcement.pdf",
        "note": "Presentation by the GI holder (MPIG/MPKG Kopi Gayo), ARISE+ IPR, October 2022: \"Panen Besar 70% Sept-Jan\"; panen raya expected to start end of September 2020, September–January 70% of production.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/113596/masa-panen-puncak-berlalu-harga-kopi-gayo-mulai-naik-tipis",
        "note": "Antara Aceh, 24 Dec 2019: the peak harvest in Aceh Tengah fell in mid-December 2019 (supports the window; a peak, not a band).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2026-0021.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026): \"The main harvest in Aceh, which typically occurs in October–November, was delayed into early 2026 due to excessive rainfall.\" Aceh arabica; Gayo is the only arabica GI in Aceh. Narrower than and inside the MPIG window.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-gayo",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://internationalipcooperation.eu/sites/default/files/arise-docs/2022/ARISEplusIPR_Oct2022_Hadiyan-Wijaya-MPIG-Kopi-Gayo_Sharing-Experience-GI-producers-GI-protection-enforcement.pdf",
        "note": "MPIG/MPKG Kopi Gayo presentation, October 2022: \"PANEN 30% Marc - Jun\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-kintamani-bali",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://bali.antaranews.com/berita/70686/jelang-panen-harga-kopi-bali-bertahan",
        "note": "Antara Bali, 12 Apr 2015: Head of the Bali provincial estate crops office (Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Bali) gives the arabica and robusta harvest as May–September. Province-wide; Kintamani is the only arabica GI in Bali.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://mongabay.co.id/2016/08/27/mengkhawatirkan-produksi-kopi-kebanggaan-bali-makin-turun-ada-apa/",
        "note": "Mongabay Indonesia, 27 Aug 2016: \"Juli – Agustus seharusnya menjadi bulan puncak panen di kawasan Kintamani\" (peak inside the window).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20181107193011-269-344799/melangkah-di-kebun-kopi-kintamani/",
        "note": "CNN Indonesia, 7 Nov 2018: Satria Agrowisata (Kintamani) harvests twice a year, in June and December. The June harvest falls inside the May–September season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-kintamani-bali",
    "start_month": 12,
    "end_month": 12,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "single-farm",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20181107193011-269-344799/melangkah-di-kebun-kopi-kintamani/",
        "note": "CNN Indonesia, 7 Nov 2018: Satria Agrowisata harvests in June and December. The source does not rank the two; \"fly\" is inferred because December lies outside the May–September season stated by the provincial office.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-pupuan-bali",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://bali.antaranews.com/berita/70686/jelang-panen-harga-kopi-bali-bertahan",
        "note": "Antara Bali, 12 Apr 2015: provincial estate crops office, arabica and robusta harvest May–September. Province-wide robusta statement applied to this GI (Bali has two robusta GIs), hence derived.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-lemukih-buleleng",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://bali.antaranews.com/berita/70686/jelang-panen-harga-kopi-bali-bertahan",
        "note": "Antara Bali, 12 Apr 2015: provincial estate crops office, arabica and robusta harvest May–September. Province-wide robusta statement applied to this GI, hence derived.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-toraja",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "conflicting",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.atlascoffee.com/?p=8567",
        "note": "Atlas Coffee Club: Koperasi Petani Kopi Toraja (a single cooperative) harvests \"May through September\". Conflicts with July–October (Mongabay 2017); neither window contains the other.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://mongabay.co.id/2017/04/11/mengenal-emas-hitam-dari-toraja/",
        "note": "Mongabay Indonesia, 11 Apr 2017: \"Panen antara Juli hingga Oktober.\" Conflicts with May–September (Atlas Coffee, cooperative).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-kalosi-enrekang",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 5,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://news.republika.co.id/berita/oemsqf284/kopi-enrekang-tembus-pasar-internasional",
        "note": "Republika, 6 Oct 2016: Asril Bagenda, head of the Enrekang agriculture and estate crops office: \"Untuk panennya sendiri dilaksanakan mulai Maret hingga Mei.\"",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-java-ijen-raung",
    "start_month": 4,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "conflicting",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://mongabay.co.id/2017/09/17/menyandingkan-kopi-dan-hutan-di-bondowoso/",
        "note": "Mongabay Indonesia, 17 Sep 2017, Bondowoso (Ijen slopes): \"musim panen sudah lewat April-Juli lalu.\"",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://www.royalny.com/?p=136974",
        "note": "Royal New York, \"Indonesian Coffee: Our Trip to Java & Bali\", 20 Nov 2023: Koperasi Serba Usaha, Situbondo: \"Harvest season is April through August with 4 to 5 pickings.\" Situbondo is inside the GI.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-flores-bajawa",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://wartaekonomi.co.id/read205844/aroma-kopi-bajawa-sampai-ke-minnesota",
        "note": "Warta Ekonomi, 2 Dec 2018 (narration): \"Masa panen kopi di kawasan ini berkisar bulan Juni - September setiap tahunnya.\"",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://mongabay.co.id/2014/08/11/masyarakat-watu-ata-bercocok-tanam-seraya-merawat-hutan/",
        "note": "Mongabay Indonesia, 11 Aug 2014: \"Juli hingga Agustus adalah puncak musim panen kopi di Kabupaten Ngada\" (peak inside the window).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-flores-manggarai",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.dgip.go.id/uploads/berita_resmi/file/8b376877f2a2cdf5939549a3b8f8efc8.pdf",
        "note": "DJKI Berita Resmi Indikasi Geografis 001/E-IG/I/A/2020 (application abstract): \"Bulan panen besar biasanya terjadi pada bulan Juni – Agustus\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-flores-manggarai",
    "start_month": 9,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.dgip.go.id/uploads/berita_resmi/file/8b376877f2a2cdf5939549a3b8f8efc8.pdf",
        "note": "DJKI Berita Resmi 001/E-IG/I/A/2020: \"diikuti dengan panen kecil pada bulan September – Oktober\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-java-preanger",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "single-farm",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.jawapos.com/features/1802110065/saat-kur-bni-terbangkan-aroma-kopi-java-preanger-hingga-jepang",
        "note": "Jawa Pos, 11 Feb 2018: Aleh, head of Koperasi Margamulya (Pangalengan): \"Masa sibuk menggiling kopi di periode panen kopi pada Maret - Agustus, meski di bulan lainnya ada yang panen meski tidak banyak.\"",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-lampung",
    "start_month": 7,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/o5arbv384/ekspor-biji-kopi-lampung-naik",
        "note": "Republika, 8 Apr 2016: Ferynia, head of the Lampung provincial trade office: \"Panen raya kopi di Lampung ... diperkirakan pada pertengahan tahun, yakni sekitar bulan Juli, Agustus, dan September.\" Province-wide; Kopi Robusta Lampung is the only GI in Lampung. USDA GAIN ID2024-0016 says the southern Sumatra harvest normally starts March–April (start only, so not a band).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-temanggung",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "conflicting",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/NrWC83Ez-hasil-panen-kopi-di-temanggung-diprediksi-turun-akibat-cuaca",
        "note": "Metro TV News, 8 Apr 2026 (narration; the district agriculture office is quoted elsewhere in the article): \"robusta panen pada bulan Mei-Juni\". Conflicts with late July–August (Republika 2020).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/qdsnsc463/harga-kopi-arabika-temanggung-tingkat-petani-mulai-membaik",
        "note": "Republika, 21 Jul 2020: Masrik Amin Zuhdi, acting head of the Temanggung agriculture office: \"kemungkinan di akhir bulan Juli hingga bulan Agustus mendatang kopi robusta akan panen raya\". Conflicts with May–June (Metro TV 2026).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-java-sindoro-sumbing",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/NrWC83Ez-hasil-panen-kopi-di-temanggung-diprediksi-turun-akibat-cuaca",
        "note": "Metro TV News, 8 Apr 2026: Temanggung \"arabika dipanen sekitar bulan Mei-Juni\". Temanggung only; the GI also covers Wonosobo.",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/qdsnsc463/harga-kopi-arabika-temanggung-tingkat-petani-mulai-membaik",
        "note": "Republika, 21 Jul 2020: Temanggung arabica began harvesting at the end of May (start only; consistent).",
        "observed": "2026-10-10"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kamojang",
    "start_month": 4,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Bandung, Garut are JABAR_13 (MON-2, OKT III), JABAR_19 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_20 (MON-2, OKT III), JABAR_21 (MON-2, OKT III), JABAR_22 (MON-2, OKT III), JABAR_28 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_29 (MON-2, OKT II), JABAR_30 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_34 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_35 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_36 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_37 (MON-2, SEP II); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) SEP II to OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (19 April) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (1 July): April–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-baliem-wamena",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Jayawijaya are PAPUA_22 (MON-2, OKT I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (9 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (10 June): May–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-flores-manggarai",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Manggarai, Manggarai Barat, Manggarai Timur are NTT_01 (MON-2, DES I), NTT_02 (MON-2, DES I), NTT_03 (MON-2, DES I), NTT_04 (MON-2, NOV III), NTT_05 (MON-2, NOV II), NTT_06 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I to DES I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (9 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (10 August): June–August.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-hyang-argopuro",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Bondowoso are JATIM_48 (MON-2, OKT III), JATIM_49 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_50 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_51 (MON-2, NOV II), JATIM_54 (MON-2, NOV III), JATIM_57 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (29 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (31 July): May–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-java-semarang",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Semarang are JATENG_29 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_30 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_40 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (29 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (1 July): May–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-java-sukapura-tasikmalaya",
    "start_month": 4,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Tasikmalaya are JABAR_22 (MON-2, OKT III), JABAR_30 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_36 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_37 (MON-2, SEP II), JABAR_38 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_39 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_40 (MON-2, SEP III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) SEP II to OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (19 April) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (1 July): April–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-mamasa",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Mamasa are SULBAR_05 (MON-2, OKT I), SULBAR_06 (MON-2, OKT I), SULBAR_07 (MON-2, OKT I), SULBAR_09 (MON-2, OKT III), SULBAR_11 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT I to OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (9 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (1 July): May–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-merapi-merbabu-magelang",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Magelang are JATENG_26 (MON-2, OKT II), JATENG_27 (MON-2, OKT II), JATENG_28 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_29 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_32 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT II to OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (19 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (1 July): May–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-pasuruan",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Pasuruan are JATIM_31 (MON-2, NOV II), JATIM_32 (MON-2, DES I), JATIM_33 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_40 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_41 (MON-2, NOV III), JATIM_42 (MON-2, DES II); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I to DES II. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (9 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (20 August): June–August.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-pegunungan-dieng",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Banjarnegara are JATENG_08 (MON-2, OKT I), JATENG_14 (MON-2, OKT I), JATENG_15 (MON-2, OKT I), JATENG_16 (MON-2, OKT I), JATENG_20 (MON-2, OKT I), JATENG_21 (MON-2, OKT I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (9 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (10 June): May–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-pulo-samosir",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-pulo-samosir",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-seko-luwu-utara",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Luwu Utara are SULSEL_21 (MON-2, OKT III), SULSEL_22 (MON-1, rain all year), SULSEL_23 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (29 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (1 July): May–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sembalun-lombok",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Lombok Timur are NTB_03 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_04 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_05 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_06 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_07 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_10 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I to NOV III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (9 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (31 July): June–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sipirok",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sipirok",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-koerintji",
    "start_month": 4,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones listing kecamatan of Kerinci are JAMBI_08 (MON-2, SEP III), JAMBI_09 (MON-2, OKT I), JAMBI_10 (MON-2, OKT III), JAMBI_11 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) SEP III to NOV I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal. BMKG lists Jambi zones by kecamatan; these name Air Hangat, Danau Kerinci, Gunung Kerinci, Gunung Raya or Sitinjau Laut, kecamatan of Kabupaten Kerinci.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (29 April) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (11 July): April–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-lintong",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-lintong",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-mandailing",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-mandailing",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-pakpak-simsim",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-pakpak-simsim",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-simalungun",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-sumatera-simalungun",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-tanah-karo",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-tanah-karo",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-tapanuli-utara",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-tapanuli-utara",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-toba",
    "start_month": 10,
    "end_month": 2,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022): \"In northern Sumatra, where more than 60 percent of Indonesian Arabica beans are produced, the main harvest typically occurs between October to February.\" USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, main, October–February; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The second harvest period is expected to take place from early October to December.\" Inside October–February (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-arabika-toba",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "fly",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2022-0014.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, June–August, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2022-0014 (19 May 2022), northern Sumatra arabica: \"The smaller harvest usually takes place from June to August.\" Conflicts with March–May (ID2020-0010, 2020 season); neither window contains the other. USDA FAS GAIN ID2026-0021 (15 May 2026) defines northern Sumatra as \"mainly Aceh and North Sumatra\".",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Utara, arabica, fly, March–May, one of conflicting windows; the band covers all of them; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020), northern Sumatra arabica, 2020 season only: \"The first harvest in 2020 began in March and is expected to be ongoing through May.\" The report does not rank the two harvests; fly is inferred because ID2022-0014 calls October–February the main harvest. Conflicts with June–August (ID2022-0014).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-batulanteh-sumbawa",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Sumbawa are NTB_11 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_12 (MON-2, DES I), NTB_13 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_14 (MON-2, NOV I), NTB_15 (MON-2, NOV II), NTB_16 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_17 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_18 (MON-2, DES I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I to DES I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (5 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 October): June–October.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-empat-lawang",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-15-2019.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID1911 (15 May 2019): \"Volumes peaked in July following the main harvest period of March-June in Southern Sumatera.\" and \"Normally, during this period there is a spike in imports from Vietnam ... before Indonesia's main harvest period of March – June.\" The same report places Robusta in \"Southern Sumatera's Lampung and Bengkulu regions\" and names Pagaralam (South Sumatra) among \"Southern Sumatera regions\"; ID2026-0021 names Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu as the southern Sumatra belt.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2024-0016.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2024-0016 (17 May 2024): the 2024 harvest in southern Sumatera was estimated to start in May-June, \"a substantial delay from the norm (March-April)\". Start only; consistent with March–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-gunung-kelir",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Semarang are JATENG_29 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_30 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_40 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (27 August): May–August.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-java-argopuro-jember",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Jember are JATIM_45 (MON-2, OKT III), JATIM_46 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_47 (MON-2, NOV II), JATIM_48 (MON-2, OKT III), JATIM_49 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV II. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (16 September): May–September.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-java-banyuwangi",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Banyuwangi are JATIM_56 (MON-2, DES I), JATIM_57 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_58 (MON-2, NOV III), JATIM_59 (MON-2, NOV III), JATIM_60 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_61 (MON-2, NOV II); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I to DES I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (5 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 October): June–October.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-java-bogor",
    "start_month": 4,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Bogor are JABAR_06 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_09 (MON-2, SEP III), JABAR_10 (MON-2, SEP III), JABAR_11 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_15 (MON-2, SEP III), JABAR_16 (MON-1, rain all year), JABAR_17 (MON-2, SEP III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) SEP III to OKT I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 April) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 August): April–August.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-java-raung-gumitir",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Jember are JATIM_45 (MON-2, OKT III), JATIM_46 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_47 (MON-2, NOV II), JATIM_48 (MON-2, OKT III), JATIM_49 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV II. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (16 September): May–September.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-java-sanggabuana",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Karawang are JABAR_01 (MON-2, DES I), JABAR_02 (MON-2, NOV II), JABAR_03 (MON-2, NOV II), JABAR_06 (MON-2, OKT I), JABAR_07 (MON-2, OKT III), JABAR_11 (MON-2, OKT I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT I to DES I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (5 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 October): May–October.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-kepahiang",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-15-2019.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Bengkulu, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID1911 (15 May 2019): \"Volumes peaked in July following the main harvest period of March-June in Southern Sumatera.\" and \"Normally, during this period there is a spike in imports from Vietnam ... before Indonesia's main harvest period of March – June.\" The same report places Robusta in \"Southern Sumatera's Lampung and Bengkulu regions\" and names Pagaralam (South Sumatra) among \"Southern Sumatera regions\"; ID2026-0021 names Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu as the southern Sumatra belt.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2024-0016.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Bengkulu, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2024-0016 (17 May 2024): the 2024 harvest in southern Sumatera was estimated to start in May-June, \"a substantial delay from the norm (March-April)\". Start only; consistent with March–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-lahat",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-15-2019.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID1911 (15 May 2019): \"Volumes peaked in July following the main harvest period of March-June in Southern Sumatera.\" and \"Normally, during this period there is a spike in imports from Vietnam ... before Indonesia's main harvest period of March – June.\" The same report places Robusta in \"Southern Sumatera's Lampung and Bengkulu regions\" and names Pagaralam (South Sumatra) among \"Southern Sumatera regions\"; ID2026-0021 names Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu as the southern Sumatra belt.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2024-0016.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2024-0016 (17 May 2024): the 2024 harvest in southern Sumatera was estimated to start in May-June, \"a substantial delay from the norm (March-April)\". Start only; consistent with March–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-mamasa",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Mamasa are SULBAR_05 (MON-2, OKT I), SULBAR_06 (MON-2, OKT I), SULBAR_07 (MON-2, OKT I), SULBAR_09 (MON-2, OKT III), SULBAR_11 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT I to OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (5 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (27 August): May–August.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-merapi-sleman",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Sleman are DIY_02 (MON-2, OKT III), DIY_03 (MON-2, NOV I), DIY_04 (MON-2, NOV I), DIY_05 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 September): May–September.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-ogan-komering-ulu-selatan",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-15-2019.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID1911 (15 May 2019): \"Volumes peaked in July following the main harvest period of March-June in Southern Sumatera.\" and \"Normally, during this period there is a spike in imports from Vietnam ... before Indonesia's main harvest period of March – June.\" The same report places Robusta in \"Southern Sumatera's Lampung and Bengkulu regions\" and names Pagaralam (South Sumatra) among \"Southern Sumatera regions\"; ID2026-0021 names Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu as the southern Sumatra belt.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2024-0016.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2024-0016 (17 May 2024): the 2024 harvest in southern Sumatera was estimated to start in May-June, \"a substantial delay from the norm (March-April)\". Start only; consistent with March–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-pagaralam",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "stated",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/135959",
        "note": "Frangga, Jahroh and Yudha (2024), \"Pengembangan Pola Panen Usahatani Kopi Robusta di Kota Pagar Alam\", IPB University: \"Musim panen kopi robusta berlangsung satu kali dalam setahun dan waktu panen pada Bulan Mei sampai Bulan September.\" Kota Pagar Alam is this GI's area. Later than the southern Sumatra window, March–June (USDA ID1911).",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-pasuruan",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Pasuruan are JATIM_31 (MON-2, NOV II), JATIM_32 (MON-2, DES I), JATIM_33 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_40 (MON-2, NOV I), JATIM_41 (MON-2, NOV III), JATIM_42 (MON-2, DES II); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I to DES II. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (5 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (16 October): June–October.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-rejang-lebong",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-15-2019.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Bengkulu, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID1911 (15 May 2019): \"Volumes peaked in July following the main harvest period of March-June in Southern Sumatera.\" and \"Normally, during this period there is a spike in imports from Vietnam ... before Indonesia's main harvest period of March – June.\" The same report places Robusta in \"Southern Sumatera's Lampung and Bengkulu regions\" and names Pagaralam (South Sumatra) among \"Southern Sumatera regions\"; ID2026-0021 names Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu as the southern Sumatra belt.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2024-0016.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Bengkulu, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2024-0016 (17 May 2024): the 2024 harvest in southern Sumatera was estimated to start in May-June, \"a substantial delay from the norm (March-April)\". Start only; consistent with March–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-rinjani-lombok-utara",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Lombok Utara are NTB_01 (MON-2, OKT III), NTB_02 (MON-2, NOV II), NTB_03 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_04 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_10 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (26 September): May–September.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-semendo",
    "start_month": 3,
    "end_month": 6,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-15-2019.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN Coffee Annual ID1911 (15 May 2019): \"Volumes peaked in July following the main harvest period of March-June in Southern Sumatera.\" and \"Normally, during this period there is a spike in imports from Vietnam ... before Indonesia's main harvest period of March – June.\" The same report places Robusta in \"Southern Sumatera's Lampung and Bengkulu regions\" and names Pagaralam (South Sumatra) among \"Southern Sumatera regions\"; ID2026-0021 names Lampung, South Sumatra and Bengkulu as the southern Sumatra belt.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2024-0016.pdf",
        "note": "Derived from the province window (Sumatera Selatan, robusta, main, March–June; data/stats/harvest_province_windows.json). USDA FAS GAIN ID2024-0016 (17 May 2024): the 2024 harvest in southern Sumatera was estimated to start in May-June, \"a substantial delay from the norm (March-April)\". Start only; consistent with March–June.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-sumatera-merangin",
    "start_month": 4,
    "end_month": 8,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones listing kecamatan of Merangin are JAMBI_06 (MON-2, OKT I), JAMBI_07 (MON-2, SEP III), JAMBI_08 (MON-2, SEP III), JAMBI_09 (MON-2, OKT I), JAMBI_10 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) SEP III to OKT III. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal. BMKG lists Jambi zones by kecamatan; these name Bangko, Jangkat, Muara Siau, Pamenang, Sungai Manau or Tabir, kecamatan of Kabupaten Merangin.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 April) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (27 August): April–August.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-sungai-penuh",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones listing kecamatan of Kota Sungai Penuh are JAMBI_11 (MON-2, NOV I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal. BMKG lists Jambi zones by kecamatan; JAMBI_11 names Sungai Penuh.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (5 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 September): June–September.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-tambora",
    "start_month": 6,
    "end_month": 10,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Dompu are NTB_17 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_19 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_20 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_21 (MON-2, NOV II), NTB_22 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_23 (MON-2, NOV III), NTB_24 (MON-2, DES I); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) NOV II to DES I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (15 June) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 October): June–October.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "kopi-robusta-wonogiri",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 9,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Wonogiri are JATENG_34 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_35 (MON-2, NOV I), JATENG_36 (MON-2, NOV I), JATENG_37 (MON-2, OKT III), JATENG_38 (MON-2, OKT III); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV I. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: \"the ripening cycle in C. canephora ranges from 216 DAF in early-ripening clones to 300 DAF in late-ripening clones\". Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 216 days (25 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 300 days (6 September): May–September.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_05-15-2020.pdf",
        "note": "USDA FAS GAIN ID2020-0010 (18 May 2020): \"the late onset of the rainy season in lowland areas of southern Sumatera\" moved the first Robusta harvest, \"which usually starts in April\", to early June; the harvest follows the rainy-season onset.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "region_id": "topidi-malino",
    "start_month": 5,
    "end_month": 7,
    "kind": "main",
    "confidence": "derived",
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://content.bmkg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/00_Buku-PMH2026-27_fullver_ttd.pdf",
        "note": "BMKG, Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027 di Indonesia (Sept 2026): the zones whose area names Gowa are SULSEL_02 (MON-2, NOV II), SULSEL_03 (MON-2, NOV II), SULSEL_06 (MON-2, NOV I), SULSEL_07 (MON-2, OKT III), SULSEL_08 (MON-2, NOV II), SULSEL_12 (MON-2, NOV II); 1991–2020 normal rainy-season onset (dasarian) OKT III to NOV II. Normal onsets from the \"Tabel Normal Musim Hujan Periode 1991-2020\" (PDF pp. 160–165), zone areas from the \"Tabel Prediksi Musim Hujan 2026/2027\" (PDF pp. 51–122). Derived band, no direct statement: all zones are monsoonal.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://publicaciones.cenicafe.org/index.php/pex/article/download/5309/6184/4802",
        "note": "Unigarro et al. (2026), Front. Plant Sci. 17:1860074: in C. arabica \"the period from anthesis to fruit ripening is, on average, between 220 and 243 DAF\" (days after flowering). Band = first day of the earliest onset dasarian + 220 days (29 May) to last day of the latest onset dasarian + 243 days (21 July): May–July.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      },
      {
        "url": "https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/37251",
        "note": "Budiman (2008), UGM master's thesis on Java arabica: breaking flower dormancy \"sangat bergantung pada curah hujan yang turun pada periode kritis kekeringan\" (September–November on the estate studied); flowering follows the first rains after the dry season.",
        "observed": "2026-10-11"
      }
    ]
  }
]